No, there is no difference in the produced object, they are the same.
The first is an attempt to satisfy programmers that are use to a "classical" environment where you have to instantiate a "new" Array object.
It should be noted that Arrays in javascript are not a sequential allocation of memory, but objects with enumerable property names and a few extra (useful) methods.
Because of this creating an array of a set length is fairly useless and unnecessary in most (if not all) cases.
var array = new Array(10);
is functionally the same is manually setting the length of your array
var array = [];
array.length = 10;
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