protected function task($item)
 {
     session_write_close();
     global $ewww_defer;
     $ewww_defer = false;
     $max_attempts = 15;
     $id = $item['id'];
     if (empty($item['attempts'])) {
         $item['attempts'] = 0;
     }
     ewwwio_debug_message("background processing {$id}, type: " . $item['type']);
     $type = $item['type'];
     $image_types = array('image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif');
     $meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($id, true);
     if (in_array($type, $image_types) && empty($meta) && $item['attempts'] < $max_attempts) {
         $item['attempts']++;
         sleep(4);
         ewwwio_debug_message("metadata is missing, requeueing {$item['attempts']}");
         ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
         return $item;
     } elseif (in_array($type, $image_types) && empty($meta)) {
         ewwwio_debug_message("metadata is missing for image, out of attempts");
         ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
         delete_transient('ewwwio-background-in-progress-' . $id);
         return false;
     }
     $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($meta, $id, true, $item['new']);
     if (!empty($meta['processing'])) {
         $item['attempts']++;
         ewwwio_debug_message("image not finished, try again");
         ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
         return $item;
     }
     wp_update_attachment_metadata($id, $meta);
     ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
     delete_transient('ewwwio-background-in-progress-' . $id);
     return false;
 }

function ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_media($delay = 0)
{
    $attachments = null;
    // check if there is a previous bulk operation to resume
    if (get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_resume')) {
        // retrieve the attachment IDs that have not been finished from the 'bulk attachments' option
        $attachments = get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments');
        // since we aren't resuming, and weren't given a list of IDs, we will optimize everything
    } else {
        global $wpdb;
        // load up all the image attachments we can find
        $attachments = $wpdb->get_col("SELECT ID FROM {$wpdb->posts} WHERE (post_type = 'attachment' OR post_type = 'ims_image') AND (post_mime_type LIKE '%%image%%' OR post_mime_type LIKE '%%pdf%%') ORDER BY ID DESC");
        // store the attachment IDs we retrieved in the 'bulk_attachments' option so we can keep track of our progress in the database
        update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', $attachments, false);
        // update the 'bulk resume' option to show that an operation is in progress
        update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_resume', 'true');
    }
    if (ewww_image_optimizer_iterable($attachments)) {
        foreach ($attachments as $attachment_ID) {
            // get the 'bulk attachments' with a list of IDs remaining
            $attachments_left = get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments');
            $meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID);
            if (!empty($meta['file'])) {
                // let the user know the file we are currently optimizing
                WP_CLI::line(__('Optimizing', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " {$meta['file']}:");
            }
            sleep($delay);
            // retrieve the time when the optimizer starts
            $started = microtime(true);
            // do the optimization for the current attachment (including resizes)
            $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($meta, $attachment_ID, false);
            if (empty($meta['file'])) {
                WP_CLI::warning(__('Skipped image, ID:', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " {$attachment}");
            }
            if (!empty($meta['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
                // tell the user what the results were for the original image
                WP_CLI::line(sprintf(__('Full size – %s', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN), html_entity_decode($meta['ewww_image_optimizer'])));
            }
            // check to see if there are resized version of the image
            if (isset($meta['sizes']) && is_array($meta['sizes'])) {
                // cycle through each resize
                foreach ($meta['sizes'] as $size) {
                    if (!empty($size['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
                        // output the results for the current resized version
                        WP_CLI::line("{$size['file']} – " . html_entity_decode($size['ewww_image_optimizer']));
                    }
                }
            }
            // calculate how much time has elapsed since we started
            $elapsed = microtime(true) - $started;
            // output how much time has elapsed since we started
            WP_CLI::line(sprintf(__('Elapsed: %.3f seconds', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN), $elapsed));
            // update the metadata for the current attachment
            wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID, $meta);
            // remove the first element from the $attachments array
            if (!empty($attachments_left)) {
                array_shift($attachments_left);
            }
            // store the updated list of attachment IDs back in the 'bulk_attachments' option
            update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', $attachments_left, false);
        }
    }
    // all done, so we can update the bulk options with empty values
    update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_resume', '');
    update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', '', false);
    // and let the user know we are done
    WP_CLI::success(__('Finished Optimization!', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
}

/**
 * Manually process an image from the Media Library
 */
function ewww_image_optimizer_manual()
{
    global $ewww_debug;
    $ewww_debug .= "<b>ewww_image_optimizer_manual()</b><br>";
    // check permissions of current user
    $permissions = apply_filters('ewww_image_optimizer_manual_permissions', '');
    if (FALSE === current_user_can($permissions)) {
        // display error message if insufficient permissions
        wp_die(__('You don\'t have permission to optimize images.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    // make sure we didn't accidentally get to this page without an attachment to work on
    if (FALSE === isset($_GET['ewww_attachment_ID'])) {
        // display an error message since we don't have anything to work on
        wp_die(__('No attachment ID was provided.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    // store the attachment ID value
    $attachment_ID = intval($_GET['ewww_attachment_ID']);
    // retrieve the existing attachment metadata
    $original_meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID);
    // if the call was to optimize...
    if ($_REQUEST['action'] === 'ewww_image_optimizer_manual_optimize') {
        // call the optimize from metadata function and store the resulting new metadata
        $new_meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($original_meta, $attachment_ID);
    } elseif ($_REQUEST['action'] === 'ewww_image_optimizer_manual_restore') {
        $new_meta = ewww_image_optimizer_restore_from_meta_data($original_meta, $attachment_ID);
    }
    // update the attachment metadata in the database
    wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID, $new_meta);
    // store the referring webpage location
    $sendback = wp_get_referer();
    // sanitize the referring webpage location
    $sendback = preg_replace('|[^a-z0-9-~+_.?#=&;,/:]|i', '', $sendback);
    // send the user back where they came from
    wp_redirect($sendback);
    // we are done, nothing to see here
    ewwwio_memory(__FUNCTION__);
    exit(0);
}

function ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_loop()
{
    global $ewww_debug;
    global $ewww_exceed;
    // verify that an authorized user has started the optimizer
    $permissions = apply_filters('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_permissions', '');
    if (!wp_verify_nonce($_REQUEST['ewww_wpnonce'], 'ewww-image-optimizer-bulk') || !current_user_can($permissions)) {
        wp_die(__('Cheatin’ eh?', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    if (!empty($_REQUEST['ewww_sleep'])) {
        sleep($_REQUEST['ewww_sleep']);
    }
    // retrieve the time when the optimizer starts
    $started = microtime(true);
    // get the attachment ID of the current attachment
    $attachment = $_POST['ewww_attachment'];
    // get the 'bulk attachments' with a list of IDs remaining
    $attachments = get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments');
    $meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment, true);
    // do the optimization for the current attachment (including resizes)
    $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($meta, $attachment, false);
    if (!empty($ewww_exceed)) {
        echo '-9exceeded';
        die;
    }
    if (!empty($meta['file'])) {
        // output the filename (and path relative to 'uploads' folder)
        printf("<p>" . __('Optimized image:', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " <strong>%s</strong><br>", esc_html($meta['file']));
    } else {
        printf("<p>" . __('Skipped image, ID:', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " <strong>%s</strong><br>", $attachment);
    }
    if (!empty($meta['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
        // tell the user what the results were for the original image
        printf(__('Full size – %s', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . "<br>", $meta['ewww_image_optimizer']);
    }
    // check to see if there are resized version of the image
    if (isset($meta['sizes']) && is_array($meta['sizes'])) {
        // cycle through each resize
        foreach ($meta['sizes'] as $size) {
            if (!empty($size['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
                // output the results for the current resized version
                printf("%s – %s<br>", $size['file'], $size['ewww_image_optimizer']);
            }
        }
    }
    // calculate how much time has elapsed since we started
    $elapsed = microtime(true) - $started;
    // output how much time has elapsed since we started
    printf(__('Elapsed: %.3f seconds', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . "</p>", $elapsed);
    global $ewww_attachment;
    $ewww_attachment['id'] = $attachment;
    $ewww_attachment['meta'] = $meta;
    add_filter('w3tc_cdn_update_attachment_metadata', 'ewww_image_optimizer_w3tc_update_files');
    // update the metadata for the current attachment
    wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment, $meta);
    // remove the first element from the $attachments array
    if (!empty($attachments)) {
        array_shift($attachments);
    }
    // store the updated list of attachment IDs back in the 'bulk_attachments' option
    update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', $attachments);
    if (ewww_image_optimizer_get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_debug')) {
        echo '<div style="background-color:#ffff99;">' . $ewww_debug . '</div>';
    }
    ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
    ewwwio_memory(__FUNCTION__);
    die;
}

function ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_loop()
{
    ewwwio_debug_message('<b>' . __FUNCTION__ . '()</b>');
    global $ewww_defer;
    $ewww_defer = false;
    $output = array();
    // verify that an authorized user has started the optimizer
    $permissions = apply_filters('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_permissions', '');
    if (!wp_verify_nonce($_REQUEST['ewww_wpnonce'], 'ewww-image-optimizer-bulk') || !current_user_can($permissions)) {
        $output['error'] = esc_html__('Access token has expired, please reload the page.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN);
        echo json_encode($output);
        die;
    }
    session_write_close();
    // retrieve the time when the optimizer starts
    $started = microtime(true);
    if (ewww_image_optimizer_stl_check() && ini_get('max_execution_time')) {
        set_time_limit(0);
    }
    // find out if our nonce is on it's last leg/tick
    $tick = wp_verify_nonce($_REQUEST['ewww_wpnonce'], 'ewww-image-optimizer-bulk');
    if ($tick === 2) {
        $output['new_nonce'] = wp_create_nonce('ewww-image-optimizer-bulk');
    } else {
        $output['new_nonce'] = '';
    }
    // get the 'bulk attachments' with a list of IDs remaining
    $attachments = get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments');
    $attachment = array_shift($attachments);
    $meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment, true);
    // do the optimization for the current attachment (including resizes)
    $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($meta, $attachment, false);
    $ewww_status = get_transient('ewww_image_optimizer_cloud_status');
    if (!empty($ewww_status) && preg_match('/exceeded/', $ewww_status)) {
        $output['error'] = esc_html__('License Exceeded', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN);
        echo json_encode($output);
        die;
    }
    if (!empty($meta['file'])) {
        // output the filename (and path relative to 'uploads' folder)
        $output['results'] = sprintf("<p>" . esc_html__('Optimized', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " <strong>%s</strong><br>", esc_html($meta['file']));
    } else {
        $output['results'] = sprintf("<p>" . esc_html__('Skipped image, ID:', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " <strong>%s</strong><br>", esc_html($attachment));
    }
    if (!empty($meta['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
        // tell the user what the results were for the original image
        $output['results'] .= sprintf(esc_html__('Full size – %s', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . "<br>", esc_html($meta['ewww_image_optimizer']));
    }
    // check to see if there are resized version of the image
    if (isset($meta['sizes']) && is_array($meta['sizes'])) {
        // cycle through each resize
        foreach ($meta['sizes'] as $size) {
            if (!empty($size['ewww_image_optimizer'])) {
                // output the results for the current resized version
                $output['results'] .= sprintf("%s – %s<br>", esc_html($size['file']), esc_html($size['ewww_image_optimizer']));
            }
        }
    }
    // calculate how much time has elapsed since we started
    $elapsed = microtime(true) - $started;
    // output how much time has elapsed since we started
    $output['results'] .= sprintf(esc_html__('Elapsed: %.3f seconds', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . "</p>", $elapsed);
    global $ewww_attachment;
    $ewww_attachment['id'] = $attachment;
    $ewww_attachment['meta'] = $meta;
    add_filter('w3tc_cdn_update_attachment_metadata', 'ewww_image_optimizer_w3tc_update_files');
    // update the metadata for the current attachment
    wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment, $meta);
    // store the updated list of attachment IDs back in the 'bulk_attachments' option
    update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', $attachments);
    if (ewww_image_optimizer_get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_debug')) {
        global $ewww_debug;
        $output['results'] .= '<div style="background-color:#ffff99;">' . $ewww_debug . '</div>';
    }
    if (!empty($attachments)) {
        $next_attachment = array_shift($attachments);
        $next_file = ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_filename($next_attachment);
        // generate the WP spinner image for display
        $loading_image = plugins_url('/images/wpspin.gif', __FILE__);
        if ($next_file) {
            $output['next_file'] = "<p>" . esc_html__('Optimizing', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . " <b>{$next_file}</b>&nbsp;<img src='{$loading_image}' /></p>";
        } else {
            $output['next_file'] = "<p>" . esc_html__('Optimizing', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN) . "&nbsp;<img src='{$loading_image}' /></p>";
        }
    }
    echo json_encode($output);
    ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
    ewwwio_memory(__FUNCTION__);
    die;
}

/**
 * Manually process an image from the Media Library
 */
function ewww_image_optimizer_manual()
{
    ewwwio_debug_message('<b>' . __FUNCTION__ . '()</b>');
    global $ewww_defer;
    $ewww_defer = false;
    // check permissions of current user
    $permissions = apply_filters('ewww_image_optimizer_manual_permissions', '');
    if (FALSE === current_user_can($permissions)) {
        // display error message if insufficient permissions
        wp_die(esc_html__('You do not have permission to optimize images.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    // make sure we didn't accidentally get to this page without an attachment to work on
    if (FALSE === isset($_GET['ewww_attachment_ID'])) {
        // display an error message since we don't have anything to work on
        wp_die(esc_html__('No attachment ID was provided.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    session_write_close();
    // store the attachment ID value
    $attachment_ID = intval($_GET['ewww_attachment_ID']);
    if (empty($_REQUEST['ewww_manual_nonce']) || !wp_verify_nonce($_REQUEST['ewww_manual_nonce'], "ewww-manual-{$attachment_ID}")) {
        wp_die(esc_html__('Access denied.', EWWW_IMAGE_OPTIMIZER_DOMAIN));
    }
    // retrieve the existing attachment metadata
    $original_meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID);
    // if the call was to optimize...
    if ($_REQUEST['action'] === 'ewww_image_optimizer_manual_optimize') {
        // call the optimize from metadata function and store the resulting new metadata
        $new_meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($original_meta, $attachment_ID);
    } elseif ($_REQUEST['action'] === 'ewww_image_optimizer_manual_restore') {
        $new_meta = ewww_image_optimizer_restore_from_meta_data($original_meta, $attachment_ID);
    }
    global $ewww_attachment;
    $ewww_attachment['id'] = $attachment_ID;
    $ewww_attachment['meta'] = $new_meta;
    add_filter('w3tc_cdn_update_attachment_metadata', 'ewww_image_optimizer_w3tc_update_files');
    // update the attachment metadata in the database
    wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment_ID, $new_meta);
    ewww_image_optimizer_debug_log();
    // store the referring webpage location
    $sendback = wp_get_referer();
    // sanitize the referring webpage location
    $sendback = preg_replace('|[^a-z0-9-~+_.?#=&;,/:]|i', '', $sendback);
    // send the user back where they came from
    wp_redirect($sendback);
    // we are done, nothing to see here
    ewwwio_memory(__FUNCTION__);
    exit(0);
}

function ewww_image_optimizer_update_saved_file($meta, $ID)
{
    global $ewww_debug;
    $ewww_debug = "{$ewww_debug} <b>ewww_image_optimizer_update_saved_file()</b><br>";
    $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data($meta, $ID);
    return $meta;
}

function ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_loop()
{
    global $ewww_debug;
    // verify that an authorized user has started the optimizer
    if (!wp_verify_nonce($_REQUEST['_wpnonce'], 'ewww-image-optimizer-bulk') || !current_user_can('edit_others_posts')) {
        wp_die(__('Cheatin’ eh?'));
    }
    // retrieve the time when the optimizer starts
    $started = microtime(true);
    // allow 50 seconds for each image (this doesn't include any exec calls, only php processing time)
    set_time_limit(50);
    // get the attachment ID of the current attachment
    $attachment = $_POST['attachment'];
    // get the 'bulk attachments' with a list of IDs remaining
    $attachments = get_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments');
    // do the optimization for the current attachment (including resizes)
    $meta = ewww_image_optimizer_resize_from_meta_data(wp_get_attachment_metadata($attachment, true), $attachment);
    // output the filename (and path relative to 'uploads' folder
    printf("<p>Optimized image: <strong>%s</strong><br>", esc_html($meta['file']));
    // tell the user what the results were for the original image
    printf("Full size – %s<br>", $meta['ewww_image_optimizer']);
    // check to see if there are resized version of the image
    if (isset($meta['sizes']) && is_array($meta['sizes'])) {
        // cycle through each resize
        foreach ($meta['sizes'] as $size) {
            // output the results for the current resized version
            printf("%s – %s<br>", $size['file'], $size['ewww_image_optimizer']);
        }
    }
    // calculate how much time has elapsed since we started
    $elapsed = microtime(true) - $started;
    // output how much time has elapsed since we started
    echo "Elapsed: " . round($elapsed, 3) . " seconds</p>";
    // update the metadata for the current attachment
    wp_update_attachment_metadata($attachment, $meta);
    // remove the first element fromt the $attachments array
    array_shift($attachments);
    // store the updated list of attachment IDs back in the 'bulk_attachments' option
    update_option('ewww_image_optimizer_bulk_attachments', $attachments);
    if (get_site_option('ewww_image_optimizer_debug')) {
        echo '<div style="background-color:#ffff99;">' . $ewww_debug . '</div>';
    }
    die;
}