func TestCAIssuing(t *testing.T) {
	var caCerts = []string{testCaFile, testECDSACaFile}
	var caKeys = []string{testCaKeyFile, testECDSACaKeyFile}
	var interCSRs = []string{ecdsaInterCSR, rsaInterCSR}
	var interKeys = []string{ecdsaInterKey, rsaInterKey}
	var CAPolicy = &config.Signing{
		Default: &config.SigningProfile{
			Usage:        []string{"cert sign", "crl sign"},
			ExpiryString: "1h",
			Expiry:       1 * time.Hour,
			CA:           true,
		},
	}
	var hostname = "cloudflare-inter.com"
	// Each RSA or ECDSA root CA issues two intermediate CAs (one ECDSA and one RSA).
	// For each intermediate CA, use it to issue additional RSA and ECDSA intermediate CSRs.
	for i, caFile := range caCerts {
		caKeyFile := caKeys[i]
		s := newCustomSigner(t, caFile, caKeyFile)
		s.policy = CAPolicy
		for j, csr := range interCSRs {
			csrBytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(csr)
			certBytes, err := s.Sign(signer.SignRequest{Hosts: signer.SplitHosts(hostname), Request: string(csrBytes)})
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			interCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(certBytes)
			if err != nil {
				t.Fatal(err)
			}
			keyBytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(interKeys[j])
			interKey, _ := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyBytes)
			interSigner := &Signer{
				ca:      interCert,
				priv:    interKey,
				policy:  CAPolicy,
				sigAlgo: signer.DefaultSigAlgo(interKey),
			}
			for _, anotherCSR := range interCSRs {
				anotherCSRBytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(anotherCSR)
				bytes, err := interSigner.Sign(
					signer.SignRequest{
						Hosts:   signer.SplitHosts(hostname),
						Request: string(anotherCSRBytes),
					})
				if err != nil {
					t.Fatal(err)
				}
				cert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(bytes)
				if err != nil {
					t.Fatal(err)
				}
				if cert.SignatureAlgorithm != interSigner.SigAlgo() {
					t.Fatal("Cert Signature Algorithm does not match the issuer.")
				}
			}
		}
	}

}

func makeCASigner(certBytes, keyBytes []byte, sigAlgo x509.SignatureAlgorithm, t *testing.T) signer.Signer {
	cert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(certBytes)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	key, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyBytes)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	defaultProfile := &config.SigningProfile{
		Usage:        []string{"cert sign"},
		CAConstraint: config.CAConstraint{IsCA: true},
		Expiry:       time.Hour,
		ExpiryString: "1h",
	}
	policy := &config.Signing{
		Profiles: map[string]*config.SigningProfile{},
		Default:  defaultProfile,
	}
	s, err := local.NewSigner(key, cert, sigAlgo, policy)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	return s
}

func TestReGenerate(t *testing.T) {
	var req = &CertificateRequest{
		Names: []Name{
			{
				C:  "US",
				ST: "California",
				L:  "San Francisco",
				O:  "CloudFlare",
				OU: "Systems Engineering",
			},
		},
		CN:         "cloudflare.com",
		Hosts:      []string{"cloudflare.com", "www.cloudflare.com", "192.168.0.1"},
		KeyRequest: &BasicKeyRequest{"ecdsa", 256},
	}

	csr, key, err := ParseRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	csr, err = Generate(priv, req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	if _, _, err = helpers.ParseCSR(csr); err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}
}

// NewSignerFromFile generates a new local signer from a caFile
// and a caKey file, both PEM encoded.
func NewSignerFromFile(caFile, caKeyFile string, policy *config.Signing) (*Signer, error) {
	log.Debug("Loading CA: ", caFile)
	ca, err := ioutil.ReadFile(caFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	log.Debug("Loading CA key: ", caKeyFile)
	cakey, err := ioutil.ReadFile(caKeyFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, cferr.Wrap(cferr.CertificateError, cferr.ReadFailed, err)
	}

	parsedCa, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(ca)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(cakey)
	if err != nil {
		log.Debug("Malformed private key %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return NewSigner(priv, parsedCa, signer.DefaultSigAlgo(priv), policy)
}

// NewSignerFromFile reads the issuer cert, the responder cert and the responder key
// from PEM files, and takes an interval in seconds
func NewSignerFromFile(issuerFile, responderFile, keyFile string, interval time.Duration) (Signer, error) {
	log.Debug("Loading issuer cert: ", issuerFile)
	issuerBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(issuerFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	log.Debug("Loading responder cert: ", responderFile)
	responderBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(responderFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	log.Debug("Loading responder key: ", keyFile)
	keyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, cferr.Wrap(cferr.CertificateError, cferr.ReadFailed, err)
	}

	issuerCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(issuerBytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	responderCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(responderBytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	key, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyBytes)
	if err != nil {
		log.Debug("Malformed private key %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return NewSigner(issuerCert, responderCert, key, interval)
}

// LoadKey attempts to load a private key from PEM or DER.
func LoadKey(in []byte) (priv crypto.Signer, err error) {
	priv, err = helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(in)
	if err == nil {
		return priv, nil
	}

	return derhelpers.ParsePrivateKeyDER(in)
}

// createAndWriteca.RootCA creates a Certificate authority for a new Swarm Cluster.
// We're copying CreateAndWriteca.RootCA, so we can have smaller key-sizes for tests
func createAndWriteRootCA(rootCN string, paths ca.CertPaths, expiry time.Duration) (ca.RootCA, error) {
	// Create a simple CSR for the CA using the default CA validator and policy
	req := cfcsr.CertificateRequest{
		CN:         rootCN,
		KeyRequest: cfcsr.NewBasicKeyRequest(),
		CA:         &cfcsr.CAConfig{Expiry: ca.RootCAExpiration},
	}

	// Generate the CA and get the certificate and private key
	cert, _, key, err := initca.New(&req)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Convert the key given by initca to an object to create a ca.RootCA
	parsedKey, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Convert the certificate into an object to create a ca.RootCA
	parsedCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(cert)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Create a Signer out of the private key
	signer, err := local.NewSigner(parsedKey, parsedCert, cfsigner.DefaultSigAlgo(parsedKey), ca.SigningPolicy(expiry))
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to create signer: %v", err)
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Ensure directory exists
	err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(paths.Cert), 0755)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Write the Private Key and Certificate to disk, using decent permissions
	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(paths.Cert, cert, 0644); err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}
	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(paths.Key, key, 0600); err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Create a Pool with our Root CA Certificate
	pool := x509.NewCertPool()
	if !pool.AppendCertsFromPEM(cert) {
		return ca.RootCA{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to append certificate to cert pool")
	}

	return ca.RootCA{Signer: signer, Key: key, Cert: cert, Pool: pool}, nil
}

// createAndWriteRootCA creates a Certificate authority for a new Swarm Cluster.
// We're copying ca.CreateRootCA, so we can have smaller key-sizes for tests
func createAndWriteRootCA(rootCN string, paths ca.CertPaths, expiry time.Duration) (ca.RootCA, error) {
	cert, key, err := CreateRootCertAndKey(rootCN)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Convert the key given by initca to an object to create a ca.RootCA
	parsedKey, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Convert the certificate into an object to create a ca.RootCA
	parsedCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(cert)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Create a Signer out of the private key
	signer, err := local.NewSigner(parsedKey, parsedCert, cfsigner.DefaultSigAlgo(parsedKey), ca.SigningPolicy(expiry))
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to create signer: %v", err)
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Ensure directory exists
	err = os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(paths.Cert), 0755)
	if err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Write the Private Key and Certificate to disk, using decent permissions
	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(paths.Cert, cert, 0644); err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}
	if err := ioutils.AtomicWriteFile(paths.Key, key, 0600); err != nil {
		return ca.RootCA{}, err
	}

	// Create a Pool with our Root CA Certificate
	pool := x509.NewCertPool()
	if !pool.AppendCertsFromPEM(cert) {
		return ca.RootCA{}, errors.New("failed to append certificate to cert pool")
	}

	return ca.RootCA{
		Signer: signer,
		Key:    key,
		Cert:   cert,
		Pool:   pool,
		Digest: digest.FromBytes(cert),
	}, nil
}

func init() {
	var err error
	caKey, err = helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(mustRead(caKeyFile))
	if err != nil {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to parse %s: %s", caKeyFile, err))
	}
	caCert, err = core.LoadCert(caCertFile)
	if err != nil {
		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to parse %s: %s", caCertFile, err))
	}
}

// NewFromPEM creates a new root certificate from the key file passed in.
func NewFromPEM(req *csr.CertificateRequest, keyFile string) (cert, csrPEM []byte, err error) {
	privData, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(privData)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	return NewFromSigner(req, priv)
}

// NewCRLFromFile takes in a list of serial numbers, one per line, as well as the issuing certificate
// of the CRL, and the private key. This function is then used to parse the list and generate a CRL
func NewCRLFromFile(serialList, issuerFile, keyFile []byte, expiryTime string) ([]byte, error) {

	var revokedCerts []pkix.RevokedCertificate
	var oneWeek = time.Duration(604800) * time.Second

	expiryInt, err := strconv.ParseInt(expiryTime, 0, 32)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	newDurationFromInt := time.Duration(expiryInt) * time.Second
	newExpiryTime := time.Now().Add(newDurationFromInt)
	if expiryInt == 0 {
		newExpiryTime = time.Now().Add(oneWeek)
	}

	// Parse the PEM encoded certificate
	issuerCert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(issuerFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Split input file by new lines
	individualCerts := strings.Split(string(serialList), "\n")

	// For every new line, create a new revokedCertificate and add it to slice
	for _, value := range individualCerts {
		if len(strings.TrimSpace(value)) == 0 {
			continue
		}

		tempBigInt := new(big.Int)
		tempBigInt.SetString(value, 10)
		tempCert := pkix.RevokedCertificate{
			SerialNumber:   tempBigInt,
			RevocationTime: time.Now(),
		}
		revokedCerts = append(revokedCerts, tempCert)
	}

	// Parse the key given
	key, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		log.Debug("Malformed private key %v", err)
		return nil, err
	}

	return CreateGenericCRL(revokedCerts, key, issuerCert, newExpiryTime)
}

// TestBadReGenerator ensures that a request that fails the ParseCSR is
// not processed.
func TestBadReGenerate(t *testing.T) {
	var req = &CertificateRequest{
		Names: []Name{
			{
				C:  "US",
				ST: "California",
				L:  "San Francisco",
				O:  "CloudFlare",
				OU: "Systems Engineering",
			},
		},
		CN:         "cloudflare.com",
		Hosts:      []string{"cloudflare.com", "www.cloudflare.com", "192.168.0.1"},
		KeyRequest: &BasicKeyRequest{"ecdsa", 256},
	}

	csr, key, err := ParseRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	csr, err = Generate(priv, req)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}

	block := pem.Block{
		Type: "CERTIFICATE REQUEST",
		Headers: map[string]string{
			"Location": "UCSD",
		},
		Bytes: csr,
	}

	csr = pem.EncodeToMemory(&block)

	_, err = Regenerate(priv, csr)
	if err == nil {
		t.Fatalf("%v", err)
	}
}

func testGenerateKeypair(req *csr.CertificateRequest) (keyFile, certFile string, err error) {
	fail := func(err error) (string, string, error) {
		if keyFile != "" {
			os.Remove(keyFile)
		}
		if certFile != "" {
			os.Remove(certFile)
		}
		return "", "", err
	}

	keyFile, err = tempName()
	if err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	certFile, err = tempName()
	if err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	csrPEM, keyPEM, err := csr.ParseRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	if err = ioutil.WriteFile(keyFile, keyPEM, 0644); err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyPEM)
	if err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	cert, err := selfsign.Sign(priv, csrPEM, config.DefaultConfig())
	if err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	if err = ioutil.WriteFile(certFile, cert, 0644); err != nil {
		return fail(err)
	}

	return
}

// New creates a new root certificate from the certificate request.
func New(req *csr.CertificateRequest) (cert, csrPEM, key []byte, err error) {
	policy := CAPolicy()
	if req.CA != nil {
		if req.CA.Expiry != "" {
			policy.Default.ExpiryString = req.CA.Expiry
			policy.Default.Expiry, err = time.ParseDuration(req.CA.Expiry)
			if err != nil {
				return
			}
		}

		policy.Default.CAConstraint.MaxPathLen = req.CA.PathLength
		if req.CA.PathLength != 0 && req.CA.PathLenZero == true {
			log.Infof("ignore invalid 'pathlenzero' value")
		} else {
			policy.Default.CAConstraint.MaxPathLenZero = req.CA.PathLenZero
		}
	}

	g := &csr.Generator{Validator: validator}
	csrPEM, key, err = g.ProcessRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to process request: %v", err)
		key = nil
		return
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
		return
	}

	s, err := local.NewSigner(priv, nil, signer.DefaultSigAlgo(priv), policy)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to create signer: %v", err)
		return
	}

	signReq := signer.SignRequest{Hosts: req.Hosts, Request: string(csrPEM)}
	cert, err = s.Sign(signReq)

	return

}

func loadSigner(issuerConfig cmd.IssuerConfig) (crypto.Signer, error) {
	if issuerConfig.File != "" {
		keyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(issuerConfig.File)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Could not read key file %s", issuerConfig.File)
		}

		signer, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyBytes)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		return signer, nil
	}

	var pkcs11Config *pkcs11key.Config
	if issuerConfig.ConfigFile != "" {
		contents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(issuerConfig.ConfigFile)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		pkcs11Config = new(pkcs11key.Config)
		err = json.Unmarshal(contents, pkcs11Config)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	} else {
		pkcs11Config = issuerConfig.PKCS11
	}
	if pkcs11Config.Module == "" ||
		pkcs11Config.TokenLabel == "" ||
		pkcs11Config.PIN == "" ||
		pkcs11Config.PrivateKeyLabel == "" {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Missing a field in pkcs11Config %#v", pkcs11Config)
	}
	numSessions := issuerConfig.NumSessions
	if numSessions <= 0 {
		numSessions = 1
	}
	return pkcs11key.NewPool(numSessions, pkcs11Config.Module,
		pkcs11Config.TokenLabel, pkcs11Config.PIN, pkcs11Config.PrivateKeyLabel)
}

// New creates a new root certificate from the certificate request.
func New(req *csr.CertificateRequest) (cert, csrPEM, key []byte, err error) {
	if req.CA != nil {
		if req.CA.Expiry != "" {
			CAPolicy.Default.ExpiryString = req.CA.Expiry
			CAPolicy.Default.Expiry, err = time.ParseDuration(req.CA.Expiry)
		}

		if req.CA.PathLength != 0 {
			signer.MaxPathLen = req.CA.PathLength
		}
	}

	g := &csr.Generator{Validator: validator}
	csrPEM, key, err = g.ProcessRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to process request: %v", err)
		key = nil
		return
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
		return
	}

	s, err := local.NewSigner(priv, nil, signer.DefaultSigAlgo(priv), nil)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to create signer: %v", err)
		return
	}
	s.SetPolicy(CAPolicy)

	signReq := signer.SignRequest{Hosts: req.Hosts, Request: string(csrPEM)}
	cert, err = s.Sign(signReq)

	return

}

// New generates a new CA from a certificate request and signing profile.
func New(req *csr.CertificateRequest, profiles *config.Signing) (*CA, error) {
	certPEM, _, keyPEM, err := initca.New(req)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// If initca returns successfully, the following (which are
	// all CFSSL internal functions) should not return an
	// error. If they do, we should abort --- something about
	// CFSSL has become inconsistent, and it can't be trusted.

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyPEM)
	assert.NoError(err, "CFSSL-generated private key can't be parsed")

	cert, err := helpers.ParseCertificatePEM(certPEM)
	assert.NoError(err, "CFSSL-generated certificate can't be parsed")

	s, err := local.NewSigner(priv, cert, helpers.SignerAlgo(priv), profiles)
	assert.NoError(err, "a signer could not be constructed")

	return NewFromSigner(s), nil
}

func TestDefaultSign(t *testing.T) {
	csrBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(csrFile)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	keyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyBytes)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}

	profile := config.DefaultConfig()
	profile.Expiry = 10 * time.Hour

	_, err = Sign(priv, csrBytes, profile)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
}

// BundleFromPEMorDER builds a certificate bundle from the set of byte
// slices containing the PEM or DER-encoded certificate(s), private key.
func (b *Bundler) BundleFromPEMorDER(certsRaw, keyPEM []byte, flavor BundleFlavor, password string) (*Bundle, error) {
	log.Debug("bundling from PEM files")
	var key crypto.Signer
	var err error
	if len(keyPEM) != 0 {
		key, err = helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(keyPEM)
		if err != nil {
			log.Debugf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	certs, err := helpers.ParseCertificatesPEM(certsRaw)
	if err != nil {
		// If PEM doesn't work try DER
		var keyDER crypto.Signer
		var errDER error
		certs, keyDER, errDER = helpers.ParseCertificatesDER(certsRaw, password)
		// Only use DER key if no key read from file
		if key == nil && keyDER != nil {
			key = keyDER
		}
		if errDER != nil {
			log.Debugf("failed to parse certificates: %v", err)
			// If neither parser works pass along PEM error
			return nil, err
		}

	}
	if len(certs) == 0 {
		log.Debugf("no certificates found")
		return nil, errors.New(errors.CertificateError, errors.DecodeFailed)
	}

	log.Debugf("bundle ready")
	return b.Bundle(certs, key, flavor)
}

// New creates a new root certificate from the certificate request.
func New(req *csr.CertificateRequest) (cert, key []byte, err error) {
	log.Infof("creating root certificate from CSR")
	g := &csr.Generator{validator}
	csr, key, err := g.ProcessRequest(req)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to process request: %v", err)
		key = nil
		return
	}

	priv, err := helpers.ParsePrivateKeyPEM(key)
	if err != nil {
		log.Errorf("failed to parse private key: %v", err)
		return
	}

	s := &signer.Signer{
		Priv:   priv,
		Policy: CAPolicy,
	}

	cert, err = s.Sign("", csr, "")
	return
}