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Awesome UNIX®

This list is an exploration of the world of UNIX®, including UNIX history, the relevance of UNIX today, and lists select awesome UNIX and UNIX-like projects. This list also contains resources for UNIX standards, programming, communities, and free software. This project is not affiliated with, sponsored, or endorsed by The Open Group.

Contents

• Frequently Asked Questions
  • What is UNIX®?
  • Why is UNIX® relevant today?
  • Disambiguation: AT&T UNIX®, UNIX® Certification, UNIX®-Like, and Linux®
  • Commercial UNIX®
  • "Unix Philosophy"
  • AT&T UNIX®-Derived Descendants, e.g FreeBSD®
  • Unix®-Like Operating Systems, e.g. Linux®
• *NIXes
  • Certified UNIX® Operating Systems
  • AT&T UNIX®-Derived Operating Systems
  • UNIX®-Certified Linux-Based Operating Systems
• Linux®
  • Most Unix®-Like Engineered Linux
  • Popular Commercial Linux® Distributions
  • Popular Non-Commercial Linux® Distributions
  • Mobile Linux® Distributions
  • Unique Linux® Distributions/Related Projects
  • Embedded/IoT-Focused Linux® Distributions
• Illumos®
• GNU Hurd
• More Unix®-Like Operating Systems
• Plan 9® Derivatives
• Unix®-like Real Time Operating Systems
• Additional Resources
  • UNIX® v. Unix/*NIX Disambiguation
  • UNIX® History
  • "Unix Philosophy"
  • Introductory UNIX® Skills
  • Introductory Programming Skills
  • UNIX® Code/Emulation
  • UNIX®/POSIX® Technical Standards
  • Community
  • Free Software and Open Source Movements
  • UNIX®/Linux®-Related Trade Groups
  • Notable Historic UNIX® and Unix®-like Operating Systems
  • More macOS®
  • More illumos®
  • More BSD
  • More Linux®
• UNIX® and Unix®-Like Hardware Vendors
• Intellectual Property Notices

Frequently Asked Questions

What is UNIX®?

The greatest operating system ever invented you have probably never heard about whose genius design ideas now enable everything great you love. More...

Why is UNIX® relevant today?

The ideas behind UNIX®, a research operating system from AT&T in the 1960s, have evolved to form a set of core computer science principles around which dozens of operating systems are built. These operating systems and applications built on them underpin most of modern computing, from the mobile devices in your pocket to mainframes that perform climate change analysis. They exist on a continuum that includes certified UNIX®, open source projects descended from the original AT&T UNIX®, and Unix-like projects designed to be Unix-compatible. More...

Disambiguation: AT&T UNIX®, UNIX® Certification, UNIX®-Like, and Linux®

Commercial UNIX®

UNIX® was originally a research operating system developed at AT&T's Bell Labs.® It has evolved today into a set of operating systems standards, called POSIX® overseen by the IEEE®, and official sets of certification that can be obtained by companies for their commercial operating systems, through a process administrated by The Open Group®. Among the operating systems certified as UNIX are massive mainframe operating systems like IBM®'s AIX® as well Apple®'s macOS® desktop operating for their MacBook® and iMac® lineup.

"Unix Philosophy"

"Unix philosophy" is a core set of computer science principles, first implemented in UNIX®, now codified in standards set forth by IEEE® and The Open Group®, and duplicated in dozens of UNIX®-like operating systems that emphasize building simple, short, clear, modular, and extensible software on a common set of programming standards and libraries that allow that software to be easily maintained and repurposed by developers other than its creators, across numerous operating systems and platforms. This enables the rapid spread and development of new and better software. It goes hand in hand with open source philosophy.

"This is the Unix philosophy: Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface." - Douglas McIlroy, former head of Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center

AT&T UNIX®-Derived Descendants, e.g FreeBSD®

The term UNIX also debatedbly encompasses operating systems that are direct descendants of the original AT&T UNIX codebase but have since re-implemented the AT&T code with code under open source licenses. The most prominent of which the family of BSDs: FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD, and their derivatives. These are not UNIX® certified, they are technically Unix-like, but share a unique direct link back to AT&T UNIX®, while newcomers like Redox OS do not.

Unix®-Like Operating Systems, e.g. Linux®

For a variety of historical and legal reasons, there has also been a massive explosion of Unix-like operating systems. MINIX®, for example, was created as a Unix-like teaching operating system by Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Linux® was created because Linus Torvalds, a college student, wanted to run a Unix-like operating system on his own hardware. Linux® has since gone on to become the most popular Unix-like operating system. Twenty years later, when Android, Inc.® needed a kernel for their new namesake mobile operating system they borrowed one from Linux. Unix-like operating systems implement some degree of the POSIX® standards and Unix philosophy but do not seek official UNIX® certification.

*NIXes

Certified UNIX® Operating Systems