Not sure what is the scenario and why you don't want to specify the column name, but still if you want to to you can try like following using dynamic query.
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS TEST_TABLE
CREATE TABLE TEST_TABLE (A INT, B INT,C INT,D INT)
INSERT INTO TEST_TABLE SELECT 1,2,3,4
INSERT INTO TEST_TABLE SELECT 2,2,3,4
INSERT INTO TEST_TABLE SELECT 3,2,3,4
INSERT INTO TEST_TABLE SELECT 2,2,3,4
DECLARE @Tablename NVARCHAR(max) = 'TEST_TABLE'
DECLARE @qry NVARCHAR(MAX) =
'SELECT ' + STUFF((
SELECT ', ' + 'SUM(' + QUOTENAME(c.name) + ') AS ' + QUOTENAME(c.name)
FROM sys.columns c where c.object_id = object_id(@Tablename)
FOR XML PATH(''), TYPE).value('.','nvarchar(max)'),1,2,'') +
+ ' FROM ' + @Tablename
EXEC (@qry)
Demo
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