It looks like the current version of TalkBack ignores announcements if AccessibilityEvent.getSource() returns null, so you're best off using a Toast. This had the added benefit of providing consistent feedback to users whether or not they are using TalkBack.
Toast.makeText(context, /** some text */, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
Normally, though, you could manually create an AccessibilityEvent and send it through the AccessibilityManager.
AccessibilityManager manager = (AccessibilityManager) context
.getSystemService(Context.ACCESSIBILITY_SERVICE);
if (manager.isEnabled()) {
AccessibilityEvent e = AccessibilityEvent.obtain();
e.setEventType(AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT);
e.setClassName(getClass().getName());
e.setPackageName(context.getPackageName());
e.getText().add("some text");
manager.sendAccessibilityEvent(e);
}
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