First, to my knowledge, there is no reliable way to do that.
The Windows API deals with font families and mappings, not with font files, which are dealt with at a lower level. Also note that even if you manage to get the file name of a font, no rendering function (that I know of) will accept it, so what will you do with it?
That said, you can look in the registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESoftwareMicrosoftWindows NTCurrentVersionFonts
in order to obtain the file name of a font from its logical name. An implementation of that solution can be found here.
与恶龙缠斗过久,自身亦成为恶龙;凝视深渊过久,深渊将回以凝视…