There's this system table named sys.Columns that you can get columns information from it.
if you want to see columns of a particular table you can do as follows:
SELECT col.* from sys.objects obj
inner join sys.columns col
on obj.object_Id=col.object_Id
and obj.Name=@tableName
Or you can get table information like this:
SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE Name=@tableName
but I couldn't find any information on creation date of a column.
Updated:
This might help.
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