This link provides the complete and updated list. However, if it breaks, this answer will be lost.
Currently, for VS 2015, we have:
$(ConfigurationName)
The name of the current project configuration, for example, "Debug|Any CPU".
$(OutDir)
Path to the output file directory, relative to the project directory. This resolves to the value for the Output Directory property. It includes the trailing backslash ''.
$(DevEnvDir)
The installation directory of Visual Studio 2005 (defined with drive and path); includes the trailing backslash ''.
$(PlatformName)
The name of the currently targeted platform. For example, "AnyCPU".
$(ProjectDir)
The directory of the project (defined with drive and path); includes the trailing backslash ''.
$(ProjectPath)
The absolute path name of the project (defined with drive, path, base name, and file extension).
$(ProjectName)
The base name of the project.
$(ProjectFileName)
The file name of the project (defined with base name and file extension).
$(ProjectExt)
The file extension of the project. It includes the '.' before the file extension.
$(SolutionDir)
The directory of the solution (defined with drive and path); includes the trailing backslash ''.
$(SolutionPath)
The absolute path name of the solution (defined with drive, path, base name, and file extension).
$(SolutionName)
The base name of the solution.
$(SolutionFileName)
The file name of the solution (defined with base name and file extension).
$(SolutionExt)
The file extension of the solution. It includes the '.' before the file extension.
$(TargetDir)
The directory of the primary output file for the build (defined with drive and path). It includes the trailing backslash ''.
$(TargetPath)
The absolute path name of the primary output file for the build (defined with drive, path, base name, and file extension).
$(TargetName)
The base name of the primary output file for the build.
$(TargetFileName)
The file name of the primary output file for the build (defined as base name and file extension).
$(TargetExt)
The file extension of the primary output file for the build. It includes the '.' before the file extension.