Short answer
In one line:
x.(T) asserts that x is not nil and that the value stored in x is of type T.
Why would I use them:
- to check
x is nil
- to check if it's convertible (assert) to another type
- convert (assert) to another type
What exactly they return:
t := x.(T) => t is of type T; if x is nil, it panics.
t,ok := x.(T) => if x is nil or not of type T => ok is false otherwise ok is true and t is of type T.
Detailed explanation
Imagine you need to calculate area of 4 different shapes: Circle, Square, Rectangle and Triangle. You may define new types with a new method called Area(), like this:
type Circle struct {
Radius float64
}
func (t Circle) Area() float64 {
return math.Pi * t.Radius * t.Radius
}
And for Triangle:
type Triangle struct {
A, B, C float64 // lengths of the sides of a triangle.
}
func (t Triangle) Area() float64 {
p := (t.A + t.B + t.C) / 2.0 // perimeter half
return math.Sqrt(p * (p - t.A) * (p - t.B) * (p - t.C))
}
And for Rectangle:
type Rectangle struct {
A, B float64
}
func (t Rectangle) Area() float64 {
return t.A * t.B
}
And for Square:
type Square struct {
A float64
}
func (t Square) Area() float64 {
return t.A * t.A
}
Here you have Circle, with radius of 1.0, and other shapes with their sides:
shapes := []Shape{
Circle{1.0},
Square{1.772453},
Rectangle{5, 10},
Triangle{10, 4, 7},
}
Interesting! How can we collect them all in one place?
First you need Shape interface to collect them all in one slice of shape []Shape :
type Shape interface {
Area() float64
}
Now you can collect them like this:
shapes := []Shape{
Circle{1.0},
Square{1.772453},
Rectangle{5, 10},
Triangle{10, 4, 7},
}
After all, Circle is a Shape and Triangle is a Shape too.
Now you can print the area of each shape using the single statement v.Area():
for _, v := range shapes {
fmt.Println(v, "Area:", v.Area())
}
So Area() is a common interface between all shapes.
Now, how can we calculate and call uncommon method like angles of triangle using above shapes?
func (t Triangle) Angles() []float64 {
return []float64{angle(t.B, t.C, t.A), angle(t.A, t.C, t.B), angle(t.A, t.B, t.C)}
}
func angle(a, b, c float64) float64 {
return math.Acos((a*a+b*b-c*c)/(2*a*b)) * 180.0 / math.Pi
}
Now it's time to extract Triangle from above shapes:
for _, v := range shapes {
fmt.Println(v, "Area:", v.Area())
if t, ok := v.(Triangle); ok {
fmt.Println("Angles:", t.Angles())
}
}
Using t, ok := v.(Triangle) we requested type assertions, meaning we asked the compiler to try to convert v of type Shape to type Triangle, so that if it's successful, the ok will be true otherwise false, and then if it is successful call t.Angles() to calculate the triangle's three angles.
This is the output:
Circle (Radius: 1) Area: 3.141592653589793
Square (Sides: 1.772453) Area: 3.1415896372090004
Rectangle (Sides: 5, 10) Area: 50
Triangle (Sides: 10, 4, 7) Area: 10.928746497197197
Angles: [128.68218745348943 18.194872338766785 33.12294020774379]
And the whole working sample code:
package main
import "fmt"
import "math"
func main() {
shapes := []Shape{
Circle{1.0},
Square{1.772453},
Rectangle{5, 10},
Triangle{10, 4, 7},
}
for _, v := range shapes {
fmt.Println(v, "Area:", v.Area())
if t, ok := v.(Triangle); ok {
fmt.Println("Angles:", t.Angles())
}
}
}
type Shape interface {
Area() float64
}
type Circle struct {
Radius float64
}
type Triangle struct {
A, B, C float64 // lengths of the sides of a triangle.
}
type Rectangle struct {
A, B float64
}
type Square struct {
A float64
}
func (t Circle) Area() float64 {
return math.Pi * t.Radius * t.Radius
}
// Heron's Formula for the area of a triangle
func (t Triangle) Area() float64 {
p := (t.A + t.B + t.C) / 2.0 // perimeter half
return math.Sqrt(p * (p - t.A) * (p - t.B) * (p - t.C))
}
func (t Rectangle) Area() float64 {
return t.A * t.B
}
func (t Square) Area() float64 {
return t.A * t.A
}
func (t Circle) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint("Circle (Radius: ", t.Radius, ")")
}
func (t Triangle) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint("Triangle (Sides: ", t.A, ", ", t.B, ", ", t.C, ")")
}
func (t Rectangle) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint("Rectangle (Sides: ", t.A, ", ", t.B, ")")
}
func (t Square) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint("Square (Sides: ", t.A, ")")
}
func (t Triangle) Angles() []float64 {
return []float64{angle(t.B, t.C, t.A), angle(t.A, t.C, t.B), angle(t.A, t.B, t.C)}
}
func angle(a, b, c float64) float64 {
return math.Acos((a*a+b*b-c*c)/(2*a*b)) * 180.0 / math.Pi
}
Also see:
Type assertions
For an expression x of interface type and a type T, the primary
expression
x.(T)
asserts that x is not nil and that the value stored in x is of type T. The notation x.(T) is called a type assertion.
More precisely, if T is not an interface type, x.(T) asserts that the
dynamic type of x is identical to the type T. In this case, T must
implement the (interface) type of x; otherwise the type assertion is
invalid since it is not possible for x to store a value of type T. If
T is an interface type, x.(T) asserts that the dynamic type of x
implements the interface T.
If the type assertion holds, the value of the expression is the value
stored in x and its type is T. If the type assertion is false, a
run-time panic occurs. In other words, even though the dynamic type of
x is known only at run time, the type of x.(T) is known to be T in a
correct program.
var x interface{} = 7 // x has dynamic type int and value 7
i := x.(int) // i has type int and value 7
type I interface { m() }
var y I
s := y.(string) // illegal: string does not implement I (missing method m)
r := y.(io.Reader) // r has type io.Reader and y must implement both I and io.Reader
A type assertion used in an assignment or initialization of the
special form
v, ok = x.(T)
v, ok := x.(T)
var v, ok = x.(T)
yields an additional untyped boolean value. The value of ok is true if
the assertion holds. Otherwise it is false and the value of v is the
zero value for type T. No run-time panic occurs in this case.
EDIT
Question: What does the assertion x.(T) return when T is an interface{} and not a concrete type?
Answer:
It asserts that x is not nil and that the value stored in x is of type T.
E.g. this panics (compile: Success, Run: panic: interface conversion: interface is nil, not interface {}):
package main
func main() {
var i interface{} // nil
var _ = i.(interface{})
}
And this works (Run: OK):
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
var i interface{} // nil
b, ok := i.(interface{})
fmt.Println(b, ok) // <nil> false
i = 2
c, ok := i.(interface{})
fmt.Println(c, ok) // 2 true
//var j int = c // cannot use c (type interface {}) as type int in assignment: need type assertion
//fmt.Println(j)
}
Output:
<nil> false
2 true
NOTE: here c is of type interface {} and not int.
See this working sample code with commented outputs:
package main
import "fmt"
func main() {
const fm = "'%T''%#[1]v''%[1]v'%v
"
var i interface{}
b, ok := i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // '<nil>' '<nil>' '<nil>' false
i = 2
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // 'int' '2' '2' true
i = "Hi"
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // 'string' '"Hi"' 'Hi' true
i = new(interface{})
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // '*interface {}' '(*interface {})(0xc042004330)' '0xc042004330' true
i = struct{}{}
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // 'struct {}' 'struct {}{}' '{}' true
i = fmt.Println
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // 'func(...interface {}) (int, error)' '(func(...interface {}) (int, error))(0x456740)' '0x456740' true
i = Shape.Area
b, ok = i.(interface{})
fmt.Printf(fm, b, ok) // 'func(main.Shape) float64' '(func(main.Shape) float64)(0x401910)' '0x401910' true
}
type Shape interface {
Area() float64
}
