You can't. All operations in Firestore are on an entire document.
This is also true for Cloud Functions Firestore triggers (you can only receive an entire document that's changed in some way).
If you need to narrow the scope of some data to retrieve from a document, place that in a document within a subcollection, and query for that document individually.
与恶龙缠斗过久,自身亦成为恶龙;凝视深渊过久,深渊将回以凝视…