python - Not letting the character move out of the window

Question

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Answer 1

I recommend to use a pygame.Rect object to limit the a circle to the bounds of the window In the following window is the display Surface :

radius = 16
clampRect = window.get_rect().inflate(-radius*2, -radius*2)
circleX = max(clampRect.left, min(clampRect.right, circleX))
circleY = max(clampRect.top, min(clampRect.bottom, circleY))

Explanation:

get_rect() generates a pygame.Rect with the size oft the pygame.Surface which is associated to the display. inflate() generates a new rectangle with the size changed by the diameter oft the circle, where the rectangle remains centered around its current center.
In the following, min and max are used to clamp the center of the circle in the area defined by the rectangle.