r - Add a new column of the sum by group

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Answer 1

I agree with @mnel at least on his first point. I didn't see ave demonstrated in the answers he cited and I think it's the "simplest" base-R method. Using that data.frame(cbind( ...)) construction should be outlawed and teachers who demonstrate it should be stripped of their credentials.

set.seed(123)
 df<-data.frame(y=sample( c("A","B","C"), 10, T), 
                X=sample(c (1,2,3), 10, T))
  df<-df[order(df$y),]  # that step is not necessary for success.
df

 df$sum <- ave(df$X, df$y, FUN=sum)
 df
   y X sum
1  A 3   6
6  A 3   6
3  B 3   8
7  B 1   8
9  B 1   8
10 B 3   8
2  C 2   6
4  C 2   6
5  C 1   6
8  C 1   6