You need to force a couple characters in here so that the convert function knows how to deal with this. We can use STUFF for this pretty easily. This works given the provided string format.
declare @SomeChar varchar(20) = '20170216 100903'
select CONVERT(datetime, STUFF(STUFF(@SomeChar, 12, 0, ':'), 15, 0, ':'))
If at all possible you should consider converting the datatype to a datetime. It eliminates this kind of hassle and also prevents invalid values.
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