Casting rules for primitive types in java

Question

In java,

There are integral types(char/short/int/long/byte)

There are floating types(float/double)

There is boolean type(boolean), not integral type, unlike C language.

Question 1)

Is there a generic rule for casting(as per JLS) that talks, which type can be converted to another type? Out of common sense, I know that, integral and floating types casting to boolean is not allowed

Question 2)

Please help me understand the reasons for below output:

        /*
         * Casting rules for primitive types
         */
        double aDoubleValue = 30000000000000000000.123438934;
        int doubleToInt = (int)aDoubleValue; //stores max value 2147483647, makes sense!!
        byte doubleToByte = (byte)aDoubleValue; //stores -1, why not 127?
        short doubleToShort = (short)aDoubleValue; // stores -1, why not 32767?
        long doubleToLong = (long)aDoubleValue; // stores 9223372036854775807, makes sense!!
        float doubleToFloat = (float)aDoubleValue; // stores 3.0E19, 3.0 x 10^19  max value of float
        char doubleToChar = (char)aDoubleValue; // what does this store?

Answer 1

The JLS lists

19 specific conversions on primitive types are called the widening primitive conversions:

• byte to short, int, long, float, or double
• short to int, long, float, or double
• char to int, long, float, or double
• int to long, float, or double
• long to float or double
• float to double

Everything else needs an explicit cast. Narrowing is a little more complex:

• double to float uses standard IEEE 754 rounding.
• integer values have their most significant bits stripped to the available width of the target type. This may result in a sign bit appearing, e.g. (byte)0xfff == (byte)-1;
• If the source type is floating point and the target type is long, the value is converted by rounding towards zero.
• If the source type is floating point and the target type is integral but not long, the value is first converted to int by rounding towards zero. Then the resulting int is converted to the target type using integer conversion.

Examples:

int doubleToInt = (int)aDoubleValue; 

yields Integer.MAX_VALUE as per rounding rules.

byte doubleToByte = (byte)aDoubleValue; 

first converts to int, yielding Integer.MAX_VALUE and then converts that to byte. Integer.MAX_VALUE is 0x7fffffff, hence the byte value 0xff which is -1.

short doubleToShort = (short)aDoubleValue;

same again: converts to int, yielding Integer.MAX_VALUE. 0x7fffffff to short yields 0xffff, i.e. -1.

The tricky thing is actually the to-char conversion. char is a single, 16-bit unicode character, hence char doubleToChar = (char)aDoubleValue gives you 'uffff' by the now familiar rules.

As can be seen there is a difference between floating point and integer narrowing operations. The floating point operations do actual rounding, while the integer operations perform bitwise clamping.

The integer semantics are probably inherited from C. At least the first step of the float-to-integral narrowing ops are also what you expected. The second narrowing steps, from double/float to short, byte and char may seem a little surprising, but if you really cast float to short, you should probably double check that you know what you are doing anyway.