Once your app has run in the simulator and created the persistent store file, you can find the file in your app's Documents directory.
Your app data will be folder inside (~ is your home directory):
~/Library/Developer/CoreSimulator/<device>
In versions prior to XCode 6, the path was:
~/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/User/Applications/
I sort by "Date Modified" to find the app that I just built.
For viewing a SQLite file, check out Base and/or Core Data Editor.
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