python - PyQt proper use of emit() and pyqtSignal()

Question

I am reading through some documentation on PyQt5 to come up with a simple signal-slot mechanism. I have come to a halt due to a design consideration.

Consider the following code:

import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import (Qt, pyqtSignal)
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QWidget, QLCDNumber, QSlider,
    QVBoxLayout, QApplication)


class Example(QWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        self.initUI()

    def printLabel(self, str):
        print(str)

    def logLabel(self, str):
        '''log to a file'''
        pass

    def initUI(self):

        lcd = QLCDNumber(self)
        sld = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal, self)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(lcd)
        vbox.addWidget(sld)

        self.setLayout(vbox)

        #redundant connections
        sld.valueChanged.connect(lcd.display)
        sld.valueChanged.connect(self.printLabel)
        sld.valueChanged.connect(self.logLabel)

        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 250, 150)
        self.setWindowTitle('Signal & slot')
        self.show()


if __name__ == '__main__':

    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = Example()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

To track the changes made to the slider, I simply print and log the changes made. What I do not like about the code is that I am required to call the sld.valueChanged slot thrice to send the same information to 3 different slots.

Is it possible to create my own pyqtSignal that sends an integer to a single slot function. And in turn have the slot function emit the changes that need to be made?

• Maybe I don't fully understand the purpose of emit() because there are no good examples of it's purpose in the PyQt Signal-Slot docs. All we're given is an example of how to implement an emit with no parameters.

What I would like to do is create a function that handles the emit function. Consider the following:

import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import (Qt, pyqtSignal)
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (QWidget, QLCDNumber, QSlider,
    QVBoxLayout, QApplication)


class Example(QWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()

        #create signal
        self.val_Changed = pyqtSignal(int, name='valChanged')

        self.initUI()

    def initUI(self):

        lcd = QLCDNumber(self)
        sld = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal, self)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(lcd)
        vbox.addWidget(sld)

        self.setLayout(vbox)

        sld.val_Changed.connect(self.handle_LCD)
        self.val_Changed.emit()

        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 250, 150)
        self.setWindowTitle('Signal & slot')
        self.show()

    def handle_LCD(self, text):
        '''log'''
        print(text)
        '''connect val_Changed to lcd.display'''

if __name__ == '__main__':

    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    ex = Example()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

There are obviously some serious design flaws here. I cannot wrap my head around the order of function calls. And I am not implementing pyqtSignal correctly. I do however believe that correctly stating the following 3 points will help me produce a proper app:

1. For a predefined signal: send the signal to the slot function. Slot can be reimplemented to use the signal values.
2. Produce pyqtSignal object with some parameters. It is not yet clear what the purpose of these parameters are and how they differ from 'emit' parameters.
3. emit can be reimplemented to send specific signal values to the slot function. It is also not yet clear why I would need to send different values from previously existing signal methods.

Feel free to completely alter the code for what I am trying to do because I have not yet figured out if its in the realm of good style.

Answer 1

You can define your own slot (any python callable) and connect that to the signal, then call the other slots from that one slot.

class Example(QWidget):

    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.initUI()

    def printLabel(self, str):
        print(str)

    def logLabel(self, str):
        '''log to a file'''
        pass

    @QtCore.pyqtSlot(int)
    def on_sld_valueChanged(self, value):
        self.lcd.display(value)
        self.printLabel(value)
        self.logLabel(value)

    def initUI(self):

        self.lcd = QLCDNumber(self)
        self.sld = QSlider(Qt.Horizontal, self)

        vbox = QVBoxLayout()
        vbox.addWidget(self.lcd)
        vbox.addWidget(self.sld)

        self.setLayout(vbox)
        self.sld.valueChanged.connect(self.on_sld_valueChanged)


        self.setGeometry(300, 300, 250, 150)
        self.setWindowTitle('Signal & slot')

Also, if you want to define your own signals, they have to be defined as class variables

class Example(QWidget):
    my_signal = pyqtSignal(int)

The arguments to pyqtSignal define the types of objects that will be emit'd on that signal, so in this case, you could do

self.my_signal.emit(1)

emit can be reimplemented to send specific signal values to the slot function. It is also not yet clear why I would need to send different values from previously existing signal methods.

You generally shouldn't be emitting the built in signals. You should only need to emit signals that you define. When defining a signal, you can define different signatures with different types, and slots can choose which signature they want to connect to. For instance, you could do this

my_signal = pyqtSignal([int], [str])

This will define a signal with two different signatures, and a slot could connect to either one

@pyqtSlot(int)
def on_my_signal_int(self, value):
    assert isinstance(value, int)

@pyqtSlot(str)
def on_my_signal_str(self, value):
    assert isinstance(value, str)

In practice, I rarely overload signal signatures. I would normally just create two separate signals with different signatures rather than overloading the same signal. But it exists and is supported in PyQt because Qt has signals that are overloaded this way (eg. QComboBox.currentIndexChanged)