According to the Standard, if no copy constructor is provided by the programmer for a class, the compiler will synthesize a constructor which exhibits default memberwise initialization. (12.8.8) However, in 12.8.1, the Standard also says,
A class object can be copied in two
ways, by initialization (12.1, 8.5),
including for function argument
passing (5.2.2) and for function value
return (6.6.3), and by assignment
(5.17). Conceptually, these two
operations are implemented by a copy
constructor (12.1) and copy assignment
operator (13.5.3).
The operative word here is "conceptually," which, according to Lippman gives compiler designers an 'out' to actually doing memberwise initialization in "trivial" (12.8.6) implicitly defined copy constructors.
In practice, then, compilers have to synthesize copy constructors for these classes that exhibit behavior as if they were doing memberwise initialization. But if the class exhibits "Bitwise Copy Semantics" (Lippman, p. 43) then the compiler does not have to synthesize a copy constructor (which would result in a function call, possibly inlined) and do bitwise copy instead. This claim is apparently backed up in the ARM, but I haven't looked this up yet.
Using a compiler to validate that something is Standard-compliant is always a bad idea, but compiling your code and viewing the resulting assembly seems to verify that the compiler is not doing memberwise initialization in a synthesized copy constructor, but doing a memcpy
instead:
#include <cstdlib>
class MyClass
{
public:
MyClass(){};
int a,b,c;
double x,y,z;
};
int main()
{
MyClass c;
MyClass d = c;
return 0;
}
The assembly generated for MyClass d = c;
is:
000000013F441048 lea rdi,[d]
000000013F44104D lea rsi,[c]
000000013F441052 mov ecx,28h
000000013F441057 rep movs byte ptr [rdi],byte ptr [rsi]
...where 28h
is the sizeof(MyClass)
.
This was compiled under MSVC9 in Debug mode.
EDIT:
The long and the short of this post is that:
1) So long as doing a bitwise copy will exhibit the same side effects as memberwise copy would, the Standard allows trivial implicit copy constructors to do a memcpy
instead of memberwise copies.
2) Some compilers actually do memcpy
s instead of synthesizing a trivial copy constructor which does memberwise copies.