r - ggplot geom_bar: meaning of aes(group = 1)

Question

I am learning geom_bar on section 3.7 of r4ds.had.co.nz. I run a code like this:

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data = diamonds) + geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, y = ..prop.., group = 1))

Then I have this plot:

The point is, if I exclude the "group = 1" part:

library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data = diamonds) + geom_bar(mapping = aes(x = cut, y = ..prop..))

The plot will be wrong,

But if I replace group = 1 by group = 2 or group = "x", the plot still looks correct. So I don't quite understand the meaning of group = 1 here and how to use it.

Answer 1

group="whatever" is a "dummy" grouping to override the default behavior, which (here) is to group by cut and in general is to group by the x variable. The default for geom_bar is to group by the x variable in order to separately count the number of rows in each level of the x variable. For example, here, the default would be for geom_bar to return the number of rows with cut equal to "Fair", "Good", etc.

However, if we want proportions, then we need to consider all levels of cut together. In the second plot, the data are first grouped by cut, so each level of cut is considered separately. The proportion of Fair in Fair is 100%, as is the proportion of Good in Good, etc. group=1 (or group="x", etc.) prevents this, so that the proportions of each level of cut will be relative to all levels of cut.