Syntax highlighting is controlled by the theme you use, accessible through Preferences -> Color Scheme. Themes highlight different keywords, functions, variables, etc. through the use of scopes, which are defined by a series of regular expressions contained in a .tmLanguage file in a language's directory/package. For example, the JavaScript.tmLanguage file assigns the scopes source.js and variable.language.js to the this keyword. Since Sublime Text 3 is using the .sublime-package zip file format to store all the default settings it's not very straightforward to edit the individual files.
Unfortunately, not all themes contain all scopes, so you'll need to play around with different ones to find one that looks good, and gives you the highlighting you're looking for. There are a number of themes that are included with Sublime Text, and many more are available through Package Control, which I highly recommend installing if you haven't already. Make sure you follow the ST3 directions.
As it so happens, I've developed the Neon Color Scheme, available through Package Control, that you might want to take a look at. My main goal, besides trying to make a broad range of languages look as good as possible, was to identify as many different scopes as I could - many more than are included in the standard themes. While the JavaScript language definition isn't as thorough as Python's, for example, Neon still has a lot more diversity than some of the defaults like Monokai or Solarized.
I should note that I used @int3h's Better JavaScript language definition for this image instead of the one that ships with Sublime. It can be installed via Package Control.
UPDATE
Of late I've discovered another JavaScript replacement language definition - JavaScriptNext - ES6 Syntax. It has more scopes than the base JavaScript or even Better JavaScript. It looks like this on the same code:
Also, since I originally wrote this answer, @skuroda has released PackageResourceViewer via Package Control. It allows you to seamlessly view, edit and/or extract parts of or entire .sublime-package packages. So, if you choose, you can directly edit the color schemes included with Sublime.
ANOTHER UPDATE
With the release of nearly all of the default packages on Github, changes have been coming fast and furiously. The old JS syntax has been completely rewritten to include the best parts of JavaScript Next ES6 Syntax, and now is as fully ES6-compatible as can be. A ton of other changes have been made to cover corner and edge cases, improve consistency, and just overall make it better. The new syntax has been included in the (at this time) latest dev build 3111.
If you'd like to use any of the new syntaxes with the current beta build 3103, simply clone the Github repo someplace and link the JavaScript (or whatever language(s) you want) into your Packages directory - find it on your system by selecting Preferences -> Browse Packages.... Then, simply do a git pull in the original repo directory from time to time to refresh any changes, and you can enjoy the latest and greatest! I should note that the repo uses the new .sublime-syntax format instead of the old .tmLanguage one, so they will not work with ST3 builds prior to 3084, or with ST2 (in both cases, you should have upgraded to the latest beta or dev build anyway).
I'm currently tweaking my Neon Color Scheme to handle all of the new scopes in the new JS syntax, but most should be covered already.
