image - Converting a series of BufferedImages to a video in Java?

Question

How would I convert an an array of BufferedImages into a video? I'm making a screen recorder.

How would I compress the video afterward?

Answer 1

You'll need the JMF (Java Media Framework) API for this. Sun has a code sample on the subject in the JMF documentation: Generating a Movie File from a List of (JPEG) Images.

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Update since the takeover by Oracle, a lot of links broke, including the JMF ones. Fortunately the JpegImagesToMovie.java code sample has been mirrored here. For the sake of completeness, here's a copypaste:

package org.apollo.jmf.test;

/*
 * @(#)JpegImagesToMovie.java   1.3 01/03/13
 *
 * Copyright (c) 1999-2001 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * Sun grants you ("Licensee") a non-exclusive, royalty free, license to use,
 * modify and redistribute this software in source and binary code form,
 * provided that i) this copyright notice and license appear on all copies of
 * the software; and ii) Licensee does not utilize the software in a manner
 * which is disparaging to Sun.
 *
 * This software is provided "AS IS," without a warranty of any kind. ALL
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS, REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY
 * IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR
 * NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY EXCLUDED. SUN AND ITS LICENSORS SHALL NOT BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES SUFFERED BY LICENSEE AS A RESULT OF USING, MODIFYING
 * OR DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE OR ITS DERIVATIVES. IN NO EVENT WILL SUN OR ITS
 * LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST REVENUE, PROFIT OR DATA, OR FOR DIRECT,
 * INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL OR PUNITIVE DAMAGES, HOWEVER
 * CAUSED AND REGARDLESS OF THE THEORY OF LIABILITY, ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF
 * OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF SUN HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
 *
 * This software is not designed or intended for use in on-line control of
 * aircraft, air traffic, aircraft navigation or aircraft communications; or in
 * the design, construction, operation or maintenance of any nuclear
 * facility. Licensee represents and warrants that it will not use or
 * redistribute the Software for such purposes.
 */

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.Dimension;

import javax.media.*;
import javax.media.control.*;
import javax.media.protocol.*;
import javax.media.protocol.DataSource;
import javax.media.datasink.*;
import javax.media.format.VideoFormat;


/**
 * This program takes a list of JPEG image files and convert them into
 * a QuickTime movie.
 */
public class JpegImagesToMovie implements ControllerListener, DataSinkListener {

    public boolean doIt(int width, int height, int frameRate, Vector inFiles, MediaLocator outML) {
    ImageDataSource ids = new ImageDataSource(width, height, frameRate, inFiles);

    Processor p;

    try {
        System.err.println("- create processor for the image datasource ...");
        p = Manager.createProcessor(ids);
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println("Yikes!  Cannot create a processor from the data source.");
        return false;
    }

    p.addControllerListener(this);

    // Put the Processor into configured state so we can set
    // some processing options on the processor.
    p.configure();
    if (!waitForState(p, p.Configured)) {
        System.err.println("Failed to configure the processor.");
        return false;
    }

    // Set the output content descriptor to QuickTime. 
    p.setContentDescriptor(new ContentDescriptor(FileTypeDescriptor.QUICKTIME));

    // Query for the processor for supported formats.
    // Then set it on the processor.
    TrackControl tcs[] = p.getTrackControls();
    Format f[] = tcs[0].getSupportedFormats();
    if (f == null || f.length <= 0) {
        System.err.println("The mux does not support the input format: " + tcs[0].getFormat());
        return false;
    }

    tcs[0].setFormat(f[0]);

    System.err.println("Setting the track format to: " + f[0]);

    // We are done with programming the processor.  Let's just
    // realize it.
    p.realize();
    if (!waitForState(p, p.Realized)) {
        System.err.println("Failed to realize the processor.");
        return false;
    }

    // Now, we'll need to create a DataSink.
    DataSink dsink;
    if ((dsink = createDataSink(p, outML)) == null) {
        System.err.println("Failed to create a DataSink for the given output MediaLocator: " + outML);
        return false;
    }

    dsink.addDataSinkListener(this);
    fileDone = false;

    System.err.println("start processing...");

    // OK, we can now start the actual transcoding.
    try {
        p.start();
        dsink.start();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        System.err.println("IO error during processing");
        return false;
    }

    // Wait for EndOfStream event.
    waitForFileDone();

    // Cleanup.
    try {
        dsink.close();
    } catch (Exception e) {}
    p.removeControllerListener(this);

    System.err.println("...done processing.");

    return true;
    }


    /**
     * Create the DataSink.
     */
    DataSink createDataSink(Processor p, MediaLocator outML) {

    DataSource ds;

    if ((ds = p.getDataOutput()) == null) {
        System.err.println("Something is really wrong: the processor does not have an output DataSource");
        return null;
    }

    DataSink dsink;

    try {
        System.err.println("- create DataSink for: " + outML);
        dsink = Manager.createDataSink(ds, outML);
        dsink.open();
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println("Cannot create the DataSink: " + e);
        return null;
    }

    return dsink;
    }


    Object waitSync = new Object();
    boolean stateTransitionOK = true;

    /**
     * Block until the processor has transitioned to the given state.
     * Return false if the transition failed.
     */
    boolean waitForState(Processor p, int state) {
    synchronized (waitSync) {
        try {
        while (p.getState() < state && stateTransitionOK)
            waitSync.wait();
        } catch (Exception e) {}
    }
    return stateTransitionOK;
    }


    /**
     * Controller Listener.
     */
    public void controllerUpdate(ControllerEvent evt) {

    if (evt instanceof ConfigureCompleteEvent ||
        evt instanceof RealizeCompleteEvent ||
        evt instanceof PrefetchCompleteEvent) {
        synchronized (waitSync) {
        stateTransitionOK = true;
        waitSync.notifyAll();
        }
    } else if (evt instanceof ResourceUnavailableEvent) {
        synchronized (waitSync) {
        stateTransitionOK = false;
        waitSync.notifyAll();
        }
    } else if (evt instanceof EndOfMediaEvent) {
        evt.getSourceController().stop();
        evt.getSourceController().close();
    }
    }


    Object waitFileSync = new Object();
    boolean fileDone = false;
    boolean fileSuccess = true;

    /**
     * Block until file writing is done. 
     */
    boolean waitForFileDone() {
    synchronized (waitFileSync) {
        try {
        while (!fileDone)
            waitFileSync.wait();
        } catch (Exception e) {}
    }
    return fileSuccess;
    }


    /**
     * Event handler for the file writer.
     */
    public void dataSinkUpdate(DataSinkEvent evt) {

    if (evt instanceof EndOfStreamEvent) {
        synchronized (waitFileSync) {
        fileDone = true;
        waitFileSync.notifyAll();
        }
    } else if (evt instanceof DataSinkErrorEvent) {
        synchronized (waitFileSync) {
        fileDone = true;
        fileSuccess = false;
        waitFileSync.notifyAll();
        }
    }
    }


    public static void main(String args[]) {

    if (args.length == 0)
        prUsage();

    // Parse the arguments.
    int i = 0;
    int width = -1, height = -1, frameRate = 1;
    Vector inputFiles = new Vector();
    String outputURL = null;

    while (i < args.length) {

        if (args[i].equals("-w")) {
        i++;
        if (i >= args.length)
            prUsage();
        width = new Integer(args[i]).intValue();
        } else if (args[i].equals("-h")) {
        i++;
        if (i >= args.length)
            prUsage();
        height = new Integer(args[i]).intValue();
        } else if (args[i].equals("-f")) {
        i++;
        if (i >= args.length)
            prUsage();
        frameRate = new Integer(args[i]).intValue();
        } else if (args[i].equals("-o")) {
        i++;
        if (i >= args.length)
            prUsage();
        outputURL = args[i];
        } else {
            for (int j = 0; j < 120; j++) {
                inputFiles.addElement(args[i]);
            }
        }
        i++;
    }

    if (outputURL == null || inputFiles.size() == 0)
        prUsage();

    // Check for output file extension.
    if (!outputURL.endsWith(".mov") && !outputURL.endsWith(".MOV")) {
        System.err.println("The output file extension should end with a .mov extension");
        prUsage();
    }

    if (width < 0 || height < 0) {
        System.err.println("Please specify the correct image size.");
        prUsage();
    }

    // Check the frame rate.
    if (frameRate < 1)
        frameRate = 1;

    // Generate the output media locators.
    MediaLocator oml;

    if ((oml = createMediaLocator(outputURL)) == null) {
        System.err.println("Cannot build media locator from: " + outputURL);
        System.exit(0);
    }

    JpegImagesToMovie imageToMovie = new JpegImagesToMovie();
    imageToMovie.doIt(width, height, frameRate, inputFiles, oml);

    System.exit(0);
    }

    static void prUsage() {
    System.err.println("Usage: java JpegImagesToMovie -w <width> -h <height> -f <frame rate> -o <output URL> <input JPEG file 1> <input JPEG file 2> ...");
    System.exit(-1);
    }

    /**
     * Create a media locator from the given string.
     */
    static MediaLocator createMediaLocator(String url) {

    MediaLocator ml;

    if (url.indexOf(":") > 0 && (ml = new MediaLocator(url)) != null)
        return ml;

    if (url.startsWith(File.separator)) {
        if ((ml = new MediaLocator("file:" + url)) != null)
        return ml;
    } else {
        String file = "file:" + System.getProperty("user.dir") + File.separator + url;
        if ((ml = new MediaLocator(file)) != null)
        return ml;
    }

    return null;
    }


    ///////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Inner classes.
    ///////////////////////////////////////////////


    /**
     * A DataSource to read from a list of JPEG image files and
     * turn that into a stream of JMF buffers.
     * The DataSource is not seekable or positionable.
     */
    class ImageDataSource extends PullBufferDataSource {

    ImageSourceStream streams[];

    ImageDataSource(int width, int height, int frameRate, Vector images) {
        streams = new ImageSourceStream[1];
        streams[0] = new ImageSourceStream(width, height, frameRate, images);
    }

    public void setLocator(MediaLocator source) {
    }

    public MediaLocator getLocator() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Content type is of RAW since we are sending buffers of video