c - How are different types stored in memory

Question

I am currently writing a C program involving dealing with bytes. When it comes to bytes, I'm really confused about the following questions.

1. Are characters stored in memory by their ascii codes? Say 'A' has anscii code 65. So it's stored in memory the same way as integer 65?

2. If so, how does the machine distinguish a character and an integer?

3. If characters are stored by ascii codes, an ascii code is an integer. An integer should occupy at least 2 bytes, how come a character only occupy 1 byte?

4. The last one is about integers on different architectures. On a 16-bit machine, if 1 is stored as 000...0001, then on a 32-bit machine, is 1 still stored the same way just adding 0 at the front?

Answer 1

Are characters stored in memory by their ascii codes? Say 'A' has anscii code 65. So it's stored in memory the same way as integer 65?

Yes, but a char in C is a single byte, while an int depends on the machine architecture.

If so, how does the machine distinguish a character and an integer?

Machine code doesn't care what the bytes in the memory represent. It's the job of the compiler to translate your code into machine instructions that do what your program does.

If characters are stored by ascii codes, an ascii code is an integer. An integer should occupy at least 2 bytes, how come a character only occupy 1 byte?

ASCII can fit in a single byte (which is the size of a char). Dealing with non-ASCII text is more complicated in C. There's wchar_t which is non-portable and many people consider it broken. C11 introduces char16_t and char32_t, which can be used for UTF-16 and UTF-32 respectively.

The last one is about integers on different architectures. On a 16-bit machine, if 1 is stored as 000...0001, then on a 32-bit machine, is 1 still stored the same way just adding 0 at the front?

This is mostly correct, but it also depends on the endianness of the architecture.