Your book doesn't seem very helpful.
1) The output streams send their bytes to a std::streambuf, which may
contain a buffer; the std::filebuf (derived from streambuf) used by
and std::ofstream will generally be buffered. That means that when
you output a character, it isn't necessarily output immediately; it will
be written to a buffer, and output to the OS only when the buffer is
full, or you explicitly request it in some way, generally by calling
flush() on the stream (directly, or indirectly, by using std::endl).
This can vary, however; output to std::cout is synchronized with
stdout, and most implementations will more or less follow the rules of
stdout for std::cout, changing the buffering strategy if the output
is going to an interactive device.
At any rate, if you're unsure, and you want to be sure that the output
really does leave your program, just add a call to flush.
2) Your book is wrong here.
One of the buffering strategies is unitbuf; this is a flag in the
std::ostream which you can set or reset (std::ios_base::set() and
std::ios_base::unset()—std::ios_base is a base class of
std::ostream, so you can call these functions on an std::ostream
object). When unitbuf is set, std::ostream adds a call to flush()
to the end of every output function, so when you write:
std::cerr << "hello, world";
the stream will be flushed after all of the characters in the string
are output, provided unitbuf is set. On start-up, unitbuf is set
for std::cerr; by default, it is not set on any other file. But you
are free to set or unset it as you wish. I would recommend against
unsetting it on std::cerr, but if std::cout is outputting to an
interactive device, it makes a lot of sense to set it there.
Note that all that is in question here is the buffer in the streambuf.
Typically, the OS also buffers. All flushing the buffer does is
transfer the characters to the OS; this fact means that you cannot use
ofstream directly when transactional integrity is required.
3) When you input to a string or a character buffer using >>, the
std::istream first skips leading white space, and then inputs up to
but not including the next white space. In the formal terms of the
standard, it "extracts" the characters from the stream, so that they
will not be seen again (unless you seek, if the stream supports it).
The next input will pickup where ever the previous left off. Whether
the following characters are in a buffer, or still on disk, is really
irrelevant.
Note that the buffering of input is somewhat complex, in that it occurs
at several different levels, and at the OS level, it takes different
forms depending on the device. Typically, the OS will buffer a file by
sectors, often reading several sectors in advance. The OS will always
return as many characters as were demanded, unless it encounters end of
file. Most OSs will buffer a keyboard by line: not returning from a
read request until a complete line has been entered, and never returning
characters beyond the end of the current line in a read request.
In the same manner as std::ostream uses a streambuf for output,
std::istream uses one to get each individual character. In the case
of std::cin, it will normally be a filebuf; when the istream
requests a character, the filebuf will return one from its buffer if
it has one; if it doesn't, it will attempt to refill the buffer,
requesting e.g. 512 (or whatever its buffer size is) characters from the
OS. Which will respond according to its buffering policy for the
device, as described above.
At any rate, if std::cin is connected to the keyboard, and you've
typed "hello world", all of the characters you've typed will be read
by the stream eventually. (But if you're using >>, there'll be a lot
of whitespace that you won't see.)
