QEMU supports emulating several big-endian architectures. Note that some architectures support both endiannesses; some (Itanium, ARM) are primarily used as little-endian while others (PowerPC, MIPS) are primarily used as big-endian.
Aurélien Jarno wrote some HOWTOs on installing Debian on an emulated MIPS or SPARC machine which should be a good start.
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